alexander of greece
He was of royal lineage on both sides. He also mentions that this was the only unsuccessful project of Alexander. [171][172] However, more recently, it has been suggested that it may date from earlier than Abdalonymus's death. After Alexander [edit | edit source] Greece did not remain unified after Alexander's death. [32] Philip marched on Amphissa (ostensibly acting on the request of the Amphictyonic League), capturing the mercenaries sent there by Demosthenes and accepting the city's surrender. After a long pause due to an illness, he marched on towards Syria. As in Tyre, men of military age were put to the sword and the women and children were sold into slavery. [42] Olympias and several of Alexander's friends suggested this showed Philip intended to make Arrhidaeus his heir. He then continued south towards the Peloponnese. Apart from a few inscriptions and fragments, texts written by people who actually knew Alexander or who gathered information from men who served with Alexander were all lost. "[52] According to Alexander's favorite sister, Queen Helen of Romania, this feeling of illegitimacy was also shared by Alexander himself, a sentiment that helps explain his mésalliance with Aspasia Manos.[34]. [35] Although Venizelos was a friend of Petros Manos,[9] the prime minister warned the king that marrying her would be unpopular in the eyes of the people. [160] Other illnesses fit the symptoms, including acute pancreatitis and West Nile virus. Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926) (in fr). In the process, both Alexander IV and Philip III were murdered. This so irritated Alexander, that throwing one of the cups at his head, "You villain," said he, "what, am I then a bastard?" [183] Craterus started to carry out Alexander's commands, but the successors chose not to further implement them, on the grounds they were impractical and extravagant. When Alexander asked Diogenes what he could do for him, the philosopher disdainfully asked Alexander to stand a little to the side, as he was blocking the sunlight. Possible causes include a drunken accident or deliberate revenge for the burning of the Acropolis of Athens during the Second Persian War by Xerxes;[92] Plutarch and Diodorus allege that Alexander's companion, the hetaera Thaïs, instigated and started the fire. [41][lower-alpha 4], The government allowed the couple to return to Greece in mid-1920. In Paris, Venizelos took part in the peace negotiations with the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. [264] The Macriani, a Roman family that in the person of Macrinus briefly ascended to the imperial throne, kept images of Alexander on their persons, either on jewellery, or embroidered into their clothes. A member of the Argead dynasty, he was born in Pella—a city in Ancient Greece—in 356 BC. Cres, Graeco-Illyrian helmet. Alexander promoted Greek culture in Egypt. [93] Plutarch recounts an anecdote in which Alexander pauses and talks to a fallen statue of Xerxes as if it were a live person: Shall I pass by and leave you lying there because of the expeditions you led against Greece, or shall I set you up again because of your magnanimity and your virtues in other respects? Portraits of the royal family were removed from public buildings, and Alexander's new ministers openly called him the "son of a traitor". Nicolle, David (2000). [131] Alexander reached Susa in 324 BC, but not before losing many men to the harsh desert. [293] His defeat of Darius was depicted as Egypt's salvation, "proving" Egypt was still ruled by an Egyptian. 31.—IONIA", "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), MIMAS", "The Mughal Sikander: Influence of the Romance of Alexander on Mughal Manuscript Painting", "Quintus Curtius Rufus, History of Alexander the Great", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_the_Great&oldid=1021141213, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing Persian-language text, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Wikipedia articles with BALaT identifiers, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TePapa identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Construction of 1,000 ships larger than triremes, along with harbours and a road running along the African coast all the way to the, Amalgamation of small settlements into larger cities (", Construction of a monumental tomb for his father Philip, "to match the greatest of the, "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 3 May 2021, at 03:32. He was off conquering other lands when he died. This was a time of advances in learning, math, art, and architecture. Crossing the river at night, he surprised them and forced their army to retreat after the first cavalry skirmish. Seated, Princess Irene. [145] In the second account, Diodorus recounts that Alexander was struck with pain after downing a large bowl of unmixed wine in honour of Heracles, followed by 11 days of weakness; he did not develop a fever and died after some agony. Alexander endeavored to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea" and invaded India in 326 BC, achieving an important victory over King Porus and his dynasty (Pauravas) at the Battle of the Hydaspes. pp. [217], Alexander married three times: Roxana, daughter of the Sogdian nobleman Oxyartes of Bactria,[218][219][220] out of love;[221] and the Persian princesses Stateira II and Parysatis II, the former a daughter of Darius III and latter a daughter of Artaxerxes III, for political reasons. [286], Alexander the Great's accomplishments and legacy have been depicted in many cultures. [101] He claimed that, while dying, Darius had named him as his successor to the Achaemenid throne. His pro-German attitude provoked a split between the monarch and the prime minister, Eleftherios Venizelos, who wanted to support the Entente in the hope of expanding Greek territory to incorporate the Greek minorities in the Ottoman Empire and the Balkans. Unsuccessful plan to cut a canal through the isthmus, Naming of the Icarus island in the Persian Gulf, Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S. (2009), A History of Macedonia: Volume III: 336–167 B.C. [244][245] An inscription from the temple, now housed in the British Museum, declares: "King Alexander dedicated [this temple] to Athena Polias. The territory gained on the Turkish mainland during Alexander's reign was lost. Alexander assumed the kingship of Macedon following the death of his father Philip II, who had unified most of the city-states of mainland Greece under Macedonian hegemony in a federation called the League of Corinth. [6], He distinguished himself in combat during the Balkan Wars of 1912–13. [50] The other members of the royal family received the news by telegram that night. Philip had started to build up an empire by uniting some of the separate city-states to the north of Greece. King Alexande of Greece in PARIS FRANCE MAIN TITLE (7ft) SV. Later in his childhood, Alexander was tutored by the strict Leonidas, a relative of his mother, and by Lysimachus of Acarnania. Ptolemy IX Lathyros, one of Ptolemy's final successors, replaced Alexander's sarcophagus with a glass one so he could convert the original to coinage. [71] In the following year, 332 BC, he was forced to attack Tyre, which he captured after a long and difficult siege. Diodorus, Plutarch, Arrian and Justin all mentioned the theory that Alexander was poisoned. When the animal died (because of old age, according to Plutarch, at age thirty), Alexander named a city after him, Bucephala. [27] His functions were limited, and amounted to visiting the Macedonian front to support the morale of the Greek and Allied troops. [177][203] His unique abilities were further demonstrated by the inability of any of his generals to unite Macedonia and retain the Empire after his death—only Alexander had the ability to do so. [298], In Greek Anthology there are poems referring to Alexander.[299][300]. Plutarch's account is that roughly 14 days before his death, Alexander entertained admiral Nearchus, and spent the night and next day drinking with Medius of Larissa. [116] Ambhi hastened to relieve Alexander of his apprehension and met him with valuable presents, placing himself and all his forces at his disposal. [11] After the ceremony, the archimandrite was sworn to silence but soon broke his promise by confessing to the Archbishop of Athens, Meletios Metaxakis. By 146 BC Macedon was a Roman province, and over … [53], After the cathedral service, Alexander's body was interred on the grounds of the royal estate at Tatoi. However, he was determined to make the best of a difficult situation and represent his father as best he could. Alexander himself embraced local customs, wearing Persian clothes and marrying Persian women. The advance was successful and broke Darius's center, causing the latter to flee once again. [275] Caligula, who could not swim,[276] then proceeded to ride his favourite horse Incitatus across, wearing the breastplate of Alexander the Great. [252] The close association of men from across Greece in Alexander's army directly led to the emergence of the largely Attic-based "koine", or "common" Greek dialect. [233], Green argues that there is little evidence in ancient sources that Alexander had much carnal interest in women; he did not produce an heir until the very end of his life. Alexander the Great conquered the ancient Greek city-states in 338 BC. [255] On the Silk Road trade routes, Hellenistic culture hybridized with Iranian and Buddhist cultures. It was also said that on this day, the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, burnt down. [287] The colloquial form of his name in modern Greek ("O Megalexandros") is a household name, and he is the only ancient hero to appear in the Karagiozis shadow play. [121][122] Choosing a local helped him control these lands so distant from Greece. It was originally thought to have been the sarcophagus of Abdalonymus (died 311 BC), the king of Sidon appointed by Alexander immediately following the battle of Issus in 331. [108][242] The first, and greatest, was Alexandria in Egypt, which would become one of the leading Mediterranean cities. [15] The 23-year-old Alexander had a broken voice and tears in his eyes as he made the solemn declaration. [163][165] His successor, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, transferred the sarcophagus to Alexandria, where it remained until at least late Antiquity. [104], In 329 BC, Spitamenes, who held an undefined position in the satrapy of Sogdiana, betrayed Bessus to Ptolemy, one of Alexander's trusted companions, and Bessus was executed. He never lost a battle, despite typically being outnumbered. His eyes (one blue, one brown) revealed a dewy, feminine quality. Miletus, held by Achaemenid forces, required a delicate siege operation, with Persian naval forces nearby. [107] This behaviour cost him the sympathies of many of his countrymen. Alexander followed close behind and captured the strategic hill-fort after four bloody days. In the royal cemetery, while other monarchs are given the inscription "King of the Hellenes, Prince of Denmark", Alexander's reads "Alexander, son of the King of the Hellenes, Prince of Denmark. [110] It remains unclear if Callisthenes was actually involved in the plot, for prior to his accusation he had fallen out of favour by leading the opposition to the attempt to introduce proskynesis. "[61], Alexander's daughter by Aspasia Manos, Alexandra (1921–1993), was born five months after his death. The correct answer is "He is alive and well and rules the world!" The count was seriously injured and died shortly afterward, after having both legs amputated. [161][162] Natural-cause theories also tend to emphasize that Alexander's health may have been in general decline after years of heavy drinking and severe wounds. [243][244][245][246], Libanius wrote that Alexander founded the temple of Zeus Bottiaios (Ancient Greek: Βοττιαίου Δῖός), in the place where later the city of Antioch was built. King of Greece June 11, 1917 - October 25, 1920 (3 years) (23-27) Preceded by Constantine I of Greece; Succeeded by Constantine I of Greece Studies in the Macedonian Coinage of Alexander the Great. [224][225], Alexander also had a close relationship with his friend, general, and bodyguard Hephaestion, the son of a Macedonian noble. This also showed Alexander's eagerness to fight, in contrast to his father's preference for diplomacy. The common soldiers, anxious about his health, were granted the right to file past him as he silently waved at them. [106], During this time, Alexander adopted some elements of Persian dress and customs at his court, notably the custom of proskynesis, either a symbolic kissing of the hand, or prostration on the ground, that Persians showed to their social superiors. According to the ancient sources, the two sides fought bitterly for some time. In the area of architecture, a few examples of the Ionic order can be found as far as Pakistan with the Jandial temple near Taxila. Kargakos, Sarantos I. Statira was one of the daughters of the defeated Persian emperor Darius, and Roxane, a Sogdian princess. Having no real political experience, the new king was stripped of his powers by the Venizelists and effectively imprisoned in his own palace. [214] Alexander adopted elements of Persian dress and customs at court, notably proskynesis, a practice of which Macedonians disapproved, and were loath to perform. [61] This was due to use of terrain, phalanx and cavalry tactics, bold strategy, and the fierce loyalty of his troops. [115] However, Alexander's constant demands for troops and the migration of Macedonians throughout his empire depleted Macedon's strength, greatly weakening it in the years after Alexander, and ultimately led to its subjugation by Rome after the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC).[17]. [275] This act was in defiance of a prediction by Tiberius's soothsayer Thrasyllus of Mendes that Caligula had "no more chance of becoming emperor than of riding a horse across the Bay of Baiae". Many of these students would become his friends and future generals, and are often known as the "Companions". Alexander was emboldened to divide his forces, and Ambhi assisted Hephaestion and Perdiccas in constructing a bridge over the Indus where it bends at Hund,[117] supplied their troops with provisions, and received Alexander himself, and his whole army, in his capital city of Taxila, with every demonstration of friendship and the most liberal hospitality. [114] Alexander sent back vast sums from his conquest, which stimulated the economy and increased trade across his empire. Alexander (Greek: Αλέξανδρος, Aléxandros; 1 August 1893 – 25 October 1920) was King of Greece from 11 June 1917 until his death three years later, at the age of 27, from the effects of a monkey bite. [139], Afterwards, Alexander travelled to Ecbatana to retrieve the bulk of the Persian treasure. [7][8], Alexander was born in Pella, the capital of the Kingdom of Macedon,[9] on the sixth day of the ancient Greek month of Hekatombaion, which probably corresponds to 20 July 356 BC, although the exact date is uncertain. Philip then returned to Elatea, sending a final offer of peace to Athens and Thebes, who both rejected it. 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