the moro affair
Unlike other people kidnapped by the BR and subjected to same procedure[34] and, in spite of the unprecedented repetition of the point, in the case of Moro this never happened. Marshal Leonardi and lance corporal Ricci did not expect an ambush, because their weapons were placed in the bag and one of the two holsters was even in a plastic liner. His presence in Italy as a member of one of the previously mentioned "crisis committees" was revealed only in the early 1990s. Another controversial event occurred on April 18, 1978 when a false BR's "Communication No. Shortly after the left-wing terrorist group Red Brigades kidnapped the former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro in March 1978 Directed by Julius Sevcík. Read "The Moro Affair" by Leonardo Sciascia available from Rakuten Kobo. However the information obtained was not given to the Italian investigators. However, the terrorists for the occasion had taken measures, such as cutting the tyres of the van of a florist who worked in via Fani (in order to remove a dangerous witness during the ambush), which can be explained only by their having precise knowledge of Moro's route that morning. It was clear that I was not speaking with his allies. Curcio has always denied this reconstruction. On 23 March 1976 Aldo Moro, during his tenure as prime minister, took part in the G7 conference in Puerto Rico. [31], Italian politicians were divided into two factions: one favourable to negotiations which, amongst others, included the secretary of the Italian Socialist Party, Bettino Craxi and the others totally negating that possibility, most of the Christian Democracy and Italian Communist Party, including the latter's national secretary Enrico Berlinguer[12] and Republican leader Ugo La Malfa who proposed the death penalty for the terrorists. Within three minutes the gang killed all five members of his escort and bundled Moro into one of three getaway cars. Francesco Cossiga declared that Moro's confessor, Don, This page was last edited on 8 April 2021, at 14:52. Montanelli was also scathingly critical of Moro's widow, Eleonora Chiavarelli, who, in the years after her husband was killed, blamed the Christian Democrats and the Italian political class in general for his fate. An hour later the Red Brigades announced that Moro was in their hands; on 18 March they said he would be tried in a ‘people’s court of justice’. [86] Sources such as the magazine l'espresso further suppose that he could have been a member of the Italian intelligence service and identify him as Giustino De Vuono, a marksman once part of the French Foreign Legion: according to their reconstruction, the 49 bullets found in the bodies of the bodyguards would come from his weapon. The Moro Affair And, the Mystery of Majorana (Book) : Sciascia, Leonardo : On March 16, 1978 Aldo Moro, a former Prime Minister of Italy, was ambushed in Rome. During an alleged séance in which they participated on 2 April 1978, after asking the soul of Giorgio La Pira about the location of Moro, a Ouija table they were using registered the words Viterbo, Bolsena and Gradoli, three towns north of Rome. Director. This fulfilled an exliciti will communicated by Aldo Moro to his kidnappers. In the same day that the police force found an apartment used as a base by the Red Brigades in Rome, on via Gradoli 96. Hello Select your address All Hello, Sign in. According to the terrorist's declarations, made some ten years after the event, Moro was woken up at 06:00 with the excuse that he had to be moved to another secret base. The Moro Affair - Left-Wing Terrorism and Conspiracy in Italy in the Late 1970s Tobias Hof Abstract: »Die,Affäre Moro' - Linksterrorismus und Verschwörungstheorien im Italien der späten 1970er Jahre«. My blood will fall over them. [39] The body was found that same day in the trunk of a red Renault 4 in via Michelangelo Caetani in the historic centre of Rome. During the days of Moro's imprisonment journalist Carmine Pecorelli (see also below) wrote, in his magazine Osservatorio politico, an article entitled "Vergogna, buffoni!" The base was normally used by Mario Moretti but the Italian media reported the discovery immediately and he avoided returning there. The other cars used for the ambush were also found in the following days in the same road (according to the declarations of Red Brigade members, the cars had been left in the road that same day). This committee included: Steve Pieczenik, a psychologist of the anti-terrorism section of the US State Department, a criminologist Franco Ferracuti, Stefano Silvestri, Vincenzo Cappelletti [it] (director of the Istituto per l'Enciclopedia Italiana) and Giulia Conte Micheli. «If the State, bowing to blackmail, negotiates with the violence that has already left on the pavement five corpses of Moro's bodyguards, thereby recognizing crime as a legitimate interlocutor, has no reason, as a State, to exist.» This was the position that we took from day one and fortunately it found in Parliament two determinants political forces (the Italian Communist Party of Berlinguer and the Italian Republican Party of La Malfa) and one reluctant between tears and sobs (the Christian Democracy of Zaccagnini). Moro left his house a few minutes before 09:00. Consultare recensioni obiettive e imparziali sui prodotti, fornite dagli utenti. Some experts in an analysis committee formed by Cossiga initially declared that Moro had been subject to brainwashing. He however stated that it would be ignored if the communication had been actually issued. I don't see how the Banda della Magliana or anyone could identify the Red Brigades". If it were up to her, the trial of the terrorists would have been a trial of the Christian Democratic Party, of which her husband had been president; of the government of which her husband was both architect and guarantor; and of the [members of the] security services whose graves he had dug.[28]. He wrote: The authors of the massacre of via Fani and of the kidnapping of Aldo Moro are professionals trained in top-level war schools. Those containing the politician's medicines and his reserved documents. Skip to search form Skip to main content > Semantic Scholar's Logo. Despite Moro's wife declaring that she recognized his writing style in them, the letters would be considered, if not directly dictated by the terrorists, at least to be inspired or controlled by them. According to Gelli, some members of the committees did not know that some of their colleagues were also part of P2. For the film, see, Abduction and murder of Italian statesman, Subsequent hypotheses, investigations and trials, Involvement of P2, Gladio and of the Italian intelligence services, The false Communication No. The kidnapping of Aldo Moro (Italian: Rapimento di Aldo Moro), also referred in Italy as Moro Case (Italian: Caso Moro), was a seminal event in Italian political history. However this collaboration never materialized. The Moro affair by Leonardo Sciascia, June 18, 2002, Granta Books edition, Paperback - New Ed edition The 'ndrangheta was in possession of several photos of the events in via Fani, some of which allegedly portrayed a "man known by them". Chichiarelli would later issue further false communications from the Red Brigades. It was supposed that his words referred to the abduction of Moro. Enrico Berlinguer spoke of "an attempt to stop a positive political process", but Lucio Magri, representative of the extreme left PUP, was concerned about the hypocrisy of passing laws limiting personal freedom as a reaction to the massacre, saying that "it would play into the hands of the strategy of subversion". L’Affaire Moro : Leonardo Sciascia : But Sciascia is here to argue convincingly that Moro had not been so turned. Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul terrorismo in Italia e sulle cause della mancata individuazione dei responsabili delle stragi, 48th session, interview of Giovanni Moro, 9 March 1999, Acts of the Italian parliament, IX legislature, Chamber of Deputies, Assembly, interventions of deputies Adolfo Battaglia (p. 15202) and. Alvaro Lojacono and Alessio Casimirri were in another Fiat 128 some meters ahead of him. I and Cossiga. Other members included the supreme commanders of the Italian Police Forces, of the Carabinieri, the, an information committee, including members of CESIS, SISDE, SISMI and. Like Uber, Airbnb or WeWork, the … [93] On 15 March 1978, one day before Moro was abducted, Osservatorio Politico published an article which, citing the anniversary of the killing of Julius Caesar in relation with the upcoming formation of Andreotti's cabinet, mentioned a possible new Brutus (one of the assassins of Caesar, and a member of his family).[94]. Set in 1930s Czechoslovakia, director Julius Ševcík’s new film The Affair is based on Simon Mawer’s Booker Prize nominated novel The Glass Room. Eventually however, Pieczenik declared that this relation was false, since the ideas included were similar to those of the P2-affiliated criminologist Francesco Ferracuti, another member of the secret committee. On 16th March 1978, former Italian Prime Minister and member of parliament Aldo Moro was kidnapped by the Red Brigades, a left-wing terrorist group. Italy, 1986. During the kidnapping the prevalent view was that Moro did not enjoy complete freedom to write. If you are interested in the ways one may study literatuyre as a form of archeolgocal method of understanding history–this volume is a must rea, a masterpiece. On 1 October 1993, during the fourth trial on the Moro affair, ballistic experts released a report which disputed the version of Valerio Morucci. About the Author. The Moro Affair presents a chilling picture of how a secretive government and a ruthless terrorist faction help to keep each other in business. [11], A large amount of literature exists about the reasons for the kidnapping. A penetrating and uncompromising account one of the greatest scandals in modern Italian politics - the kidnap and murder of former Prime Minister Aldo Moro. He also added: The hypothesis that the Red Brigades have been manipulated by anyone is a thesis dear to the conspiracy, which would divide the RB into good and bad.[12]. [53] SISDE had been also informed that a lock-up garage in via Gradoli had an antenna, allegedly used by the terrorist to communicate with the area of Lake Duchessa. Witnesses declared that the car was in the street as early as 08:00 AM, while some witnesses declared that they did not see it before 12:30 AM. 1h 50m Synopsis. The party, under the stronger influence of Ciriaco De Mita (from 1982 to 1989), Giulio Andreotti and Arnaldo Forlani (from 1989), remained a government party until 1994; in the 1992 elections went down for the first time below 30% of the votes due to the Lega Nord's growth in Northern Italy, and following the requests of Mani pulite scandal (and the ties between the Mafia and Andreotti himself) that also involved the allied parties (in addition to former PCI, renamed PDS, involved at the local level), continued to lose support. Buy The Moro Affair by Sciascia, Leonardo, Rabinovitch, Sacha, Oliver, Arthur (ISBN: 9781847089298) from Amazon's Book Store. In an intercepted phone call between Sereno Freato, then Moro's personal secretary, and Benito Cazora, a DC parliament member who had been given the task to keep contacts with the Calabrian gangs, Freato asks for news about the prison of Moro. Its existence was not disclosed until 1981, by Cossiga himself, in his interrogation by the Italian Parliament's Commission about the Moro affair. Bianconi, Giovanni (10 March 2015). The Moro Affair presents a chilling picture of how a secretive government and a ruthless terrorist faction help to keep each other in business. Buy The Moro Affair by Sciascia, Leonardo, Rabinovitch, Sacha online on Amazon.ae at best prices. [105], Pieczenik also declared that he participated in the decision to issue the false "Communication No.7", stating that he pushed the BR to kill Moro in order to de-legitimise them, once it was clear that the Italian politicians were not interested in his liberation. [...] I thus decided to reduce the number of participants, but the leakage continued to grow, so that at the end there were only two. In a later interview to French journalist Emmanuel Amara, Pieczenik declared: I soon understood the true intentions of the actors in the game: the [Italian] right wanted the death of Moro, the Red Brigades wanted him alive, while the Communist Party, due to its hardline political position, was not going to negotiate. [116], Journalist Rita di Giovacchino suggests that Moro was not in via Fani during the massacre, but had been taken prisoner by another organization and that the Red Brigades acted only as "front men". "Erano le 6.30, così uccidemmo Moro". With the help of the Vatican intelligence, which he considered superior to the Italian one, he investigated such infiltrations, but no measures were taken. Book Condition: new. The kidnapping of Aldo Moro (Italian: Rapimento di Aldo Moro), also referred to in Italy as Moro Case (Italian: Caso Moro), was a seminal event in Italian political history. Leonardi always talked about it. The killers sent to assault the president's car, instead, could be only unskilled workers recruited on the road. Account & Lists Account Returns & Orders. this result marked the end of the government of national solidarity and the possibility of entry of the Communists in the executive. As previously mentioned, the palace had been inspected by Carabinieri under colonel Varisco, with the exclusion of Moretti's apartment: the official justification was that the Carabinieri were not authorized to enter the apartments if no one was inside. The Moro Affair. Download cover. Italian Parliament Investigation Commission on Terrorism, 27th session, interview of Francesco Cossiga, 27 November 1997, Pieczenik did not specify which coup he was referring to. After the ambush in via Fani the terrorists took only the most interesting for them of the five bags that Moro carried with him. Guy Debord, January 1979, Foreword to the fourth Italian edition of, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, "Article at americaoggi.it 16 March 2008", "Page at Cronologia italiana history website", Forensic Geology And The Unsolved Murder Mystery of Italian Politician Aldo Moro, "List of the communications at Cronologia Italiana history website", "L'assassino di Moro", page at storiain.net, "Video with the last phone call of the kidnapping of Aldo Moro", "Caso Moro, le risposte a tutte le domande dei lettori", "Chronology of information about the Italian statal massacres from 1978", "Le BR e l'omicidio Moro", by Giuseppe dell'Acqua, "Così saltò l'ultimo tentativo di salvare Moro", "Parigi, parla il terrorista Carlos 'Il Sismi tentò di salvare Moro. Alberto Franceschini, one of the founders of BR, mentioned the possibility that the Red Brigades had been infiltrated by Israeli agents as early as 1974. In the years following Moro's murder there have been numerous references to the presence of Calabrian 'ndrangheta at via Fani. Four of them (Morucci, Gallinari, Fiore and Bonisoli) were wearing Alitalia airline crew uniforms. The terrorists had prepared the ambush by parking two cars in Via Mario Fani which, once moved, would prevent Moro's cars from escaping. Several members of the Red Brigades declared that their weapons were acquired from the Calabrian gangland, amongst others; further, it has been proved that members of DC got in touch with Calabrian gangsters to obtain a help in the liberation of Moro. Gallinari died in 2013. a technical-operational-political committee, chaired by Cossiga himself and, in his absence, by undersecretary Nicola Lettieri. LibraryThing Review User Review - alanteder - LibraryThing. [5] Since not all team members knew each other, the uniforms were needed to avoid friendly fire. Moretti, in the Italian RAI TV programme La notte della Repubblica denied these accusations, saying that he had never seen an Israeli in his life and that it was wrong to think that the change of RB's strategy depended from the arrest of some militants. [33], A second point put forward was the premise that Moro's revelations, from most of the communication during his "political process", would be made public. Leonardi was the head of the bodyguard team. Governments can so corrupt the individuals who make them up that they allow for the destruction of other individuals in order to keep the status quo. [110], A report issued by SISMI in 1980 mentions one "Igor, of the dukes Caetani family", who had a prominent role in the Red Brigades organization. His presence was kept secret and was only disclosed in 1990 during the investigation of the Italian Parliament commission on State Massacres. Paperback. The alleged goal was to prepare the Italian and European audience for the likely death of Moro in the kidnapping. During the 1983 trial against the BR Moro's widow, Eleonora Chiavarelli, declared that her husband was unpopular in the United States due to the historic compromise matter, and that he had been repeatedly warned by American politicians to stop disrupting the political situation which had been established in the Yalta conference (in reference to the possible executive role of the Italian Communist Party). BR aimed to strike at the whole DC who were the main exponent of a regime that, as described in BR's first communiqué after the kidnapping "... had been suppressing the Italian people for years". Aldo Moro (Gian Maria Volonte), chief of Italy's Christian Democrats, pulls political factions together, then is kidnapped and murdered. "These people shouldn't have weapons they don't know how to use. The bullets perforated Moro's lungs and killed him. Journalist Indro Montanelli sided in favor of firmness and against the negotiations from the first day[36][37] and in 2000, responding to a reader on Corriere della Sera, wrote: My opinion remains that expressed on my Giornale the day after the crime. A few weeks later Sandro Pertini was elected with plebiscite vote. Firing automatic weapons, the terrorists killed Moro's bodyguards, (two Carabinieri in Moro's car and three policemen in the following car) and kidnapped him. Also included in this book is “The Mystery of Majorana,” Sciascia’s fascinating investigation of the disappearance of a major Italian physicist during Mussolini’s regime. In the notes of the Italian parliament commission on terrorism the séance is described as a fake, used to hide the true source of the information. [69] This is confirmed by other Moro relatives, but strongly denied by Francesco Cossiga.[85]. However, several doubts have been cast on the terrorists' declarations on which the official accounts were based, and about the exact identity of the ambush team's members. *FREE* shipping on eligible orders. Giuseppe Ferrara. [106] According to Pieczenik, the United States did not have a clear image of the situation in Italy, especially for the left and right-wing terrorist groups; he also said that he received no help from CIA or the US embassy in Italy. The discovery was allegedly due to a water leak for which a neighbour had called the firemen. This would explain their reticence and the incongruity of their declarations about the whole kidnapping (from the ambush, to the presence of sand on Moro's body). [94], On 20 March 1979 Pecorelli was murdered in front of his house. Duration. Leonardo Sciascia; Sacha Rabinovitch (Oversetter) Om forfatteren On 16 March 1978, Aldo Moro, former Italian Prime Minister, was ambushed in Rome. In 1994 the party was disbanded and the DC's last secretary, Mino Martinazzoli, decided to change the name of the party to the Italian People's Party. Read "The Moro Affair" by Leonardo Sciascia available from Rakuten Kobo. At the same time it was desirable that Moro's family did not start a parallel negotiation, averting the risk that he could be released too soon. At the same time the terrorists shot the other three policemen. The terrorists later declared they had destroyed all the material including that containing references to the Gladio undercover organization discovered in 1990.[35]. According to several sources the colleague confirmed that Guglielmi came to his house, but had not been invited. Mario Moretti called Moro's wife by phone, asking her to push the DC leaders for negotiations. Ricci tried an escape manoeuver, but was thwarted by a Mini Minor casually parked at the crossroad. When he reported back, Romeo said that he had done a good job but that important politicians in Rome had changed their minds. Further, that solution would not be accepted by the Italian police forces who had seen numerous of their members fall during the war against terrorism in previous years. Leonardo Sciascia, translated by Sacha Rabinovitch. ("Shame on you, clowns! [68] The neighbor whose call had led to the inspection, Lucia Mokbel, was officially a university student of Egyptian descent and was later identified as a confidant of SISDE[69] or of the police.
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