ethnicity and politics in kenya pdf
The State, Its Reform and the Question of Legitimacy in Kenya. Amutabi, N. 2011. This service is more advanced with JavaScript available, Political Power and Tribalism in Kenya �e�w\��ғ��9� ;��>��YY���?-�V�|!I�B y�y�Jw�G?�5 ��S�f,��PHW��"���]OnR���K��%�i�ZՇ#�0�^ij=�܌�S5��jՒ��Wr+�co�v�{��:�U�J�̅�K��*�_����Z�b至��O�HU�*�?h�,�M�s���d���*�ۻ��ݹ���J-U�Xd&�^2��m��E3�kth2��%O[��F Tbִ��?���_U�dh�i�*g*�k��'��пՙL�[T���n�x"$� Political party cooperation in post-election as ethnic tensions: Kenyan case. As Charles de Gaulle said: 1 INTRODUCTION: ETHNICITY AND POLITICS IN KENYA 3 at the expense of Kenya’s interest. <>/Metadata 212 0 R/ViewerPreferences 213 0 R>> The study examined secondary data on ethnicity, politics, democratic transition and political violence to understand the nature of recurrent political violence in Kenya. Kenya has 42 ethnic groups, Plus migrant races, whites, Asians and Arabs but have lived peacefully except last year (2008) when post election violence erupted due to flawed election. The Incomplete Transition: The Constitutional and Electoral Context in Kenya. The Political Economy of Kenya’s Crisis. The Kenyan Elections of 2007: An Introduction. Kenya lifts ban on Mau Mau. In, Mamdani, M. 2004. Mzee Jomo Kenyatta During Kenyatta Day Celebrations in 1965. In Kenya as it is the case with most African countries, ethnicity has been and still remains the strongest force that binds a group together because other bases of alignment such as: religion, class, nationalism etc, are recent phenomena and in most cases alien. 1997. Joseph, R. 1997. 1992. ܒ�J}��Oާٝ�ގ ۱�1����ь�*�gfc�!���u����&�/(��Ģ &C�/�f��. However, it argues that Kenyan post-colonial politicians rationally mobilised along ethnicity for personal gain owing to their retention of the discriminatory and alienating colonial state. Ajulu, R. 2002. 1989. In, Njogu, K. 2001. In, Muigai, G. 2004. Citizenship and Ethnicity: An Examination of Two Transition Moments in Kenyan Politics. Online: Bogaards, M. 2000. 1995. The concerns raised in this thesis are mainly about negative ethnicity. The political party Kenya African National Union (KANU) was formed by and consisted mainly of Luo and Kikuyu forces creating a network from which to gain power. 3 0 obj Murunga, G. 2004. Online: The Standard. Cheeseman, N. 2008. Whether moral ethnicity will present a genuine challenge to political tribalism is a key question to Kenya’ s increasingly violence prone future. Kenya eagerly awaits gallant men and women capable of articulating a new alternative non-ethnic political narrative. As it has been observed critically by the author, politics in Kenya are ethno-centric. stream Democratization in Africa After 1989: Comparative and Theoretical Perspectives. The chapter nuances the nexus of ethnic nationalism, competition for state control and fragmented tribal alliances in Kenya. Mwaruvie, J. By Paul Mbatia, Kennedy Bikuru & Peter Nderitu I. Political alliances are made with regard to gaining ethnic support. In 1998 Opposition Leader Mwai Kibaki led Mt Kenya MPs in Calling for Secession to Form ‘Central Kenya Republic’, Give Dr Ndii a Break. Political economy comparisons of Kenya and Tanzania have often found the political salience of ethnicity to be far higher in the former than the latter, with a negative impact on intercommunal trust. March 26. South African Journal of International Affairs Vol. State and Society in Kenya: The Disintegration of the Nationalist Coalitions and the Rise of Presidential Authoritarianism. The centralised state, the lack of a regulated political party system and the absence political will to enforce the rule of law and the persistence of exclusive politics, made the appeal to ethnicity almost inevitable. 156 and the threat of violence in the 2011 Liberian elections mariam bjarnesen 8 Parasitic politics: violence, deception and change in Kenya’s . pp 1-28 | Kenya’s Filthy Working-Class, September 25. Ethnicity, Foreign Aid and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan: Kenya Today. In, Bates, R. 1983. Kenya politics are based on ethnic aspirations by political parties and also the regime in power. In, Wanyama, F. 2010. Nyong’o, P.A. In. As stated above, politics of ethnicity seems to be part of Kenya from the pre-colonial period. arena. Parliament Endorses Pre-Election Coalitions, August 16. Weapons of Mass Destruction: Land, Ethnicity and the 2007 Elections in Kenya. Much of the violence fell along ethnic lines, the principal perpetrators of which were the Kalenjin, who lashed out at other communities in the Rift Valley. 4 0 obj Shilaho, W. 2014. Online: Speech by H.E. Jomo Kenyatta and the Rise of the Ethno-Nationalist State in Kenya. Online: Maloba, W. 1996. <> Sincerity and Goodwill by Politicians Must Complement Good Constitutions, February 6. Neither the colonial nor the post-independence governments have worked on bringing the country together as one nation. August 23. Our problem is not the thieving tribal political class, it is the failure of imagination to conceive and communicate an alternative narrative. Even though Kenya had shared these similarities with the most of post-independence African states, the distinctive feature of their political life was that the politicians would mainly appeal for tribal voters only if they believe that their ethnic-inspired political promises would reverberate, which indeed rely on the voters trust about how these commitments are seriously taken. Kenya’s ‘New’ Fighter Jets Cannot Take Off, October 31. 197 governance agenda in Mbare, Zimbabwe Like US, Kenya was a … endobj Ekeh, P. 1975. Online: The Standard. The President of the United States, Barack Obama, recently stated the following during his state visit in Kenya in 2015: ‘‘Politics that’s based solely on a tribe and ethnicity is politics that’s doomed to tear a country apart,”. August 31. and the poor, urban and rural populations, among regions and ethnic groups, and between genders in Kenya. on ethnicity as a cue in the absence of more information about a candidate, but are less likely to be exposed to biased messages that spread by word-of-mouth during election campaigns. Colonialism. In 2007 a disputed election in Kenya erupted into a two-month political crisis that led to the deaths of more than a thousand people and the displacement of almost seven hundred thousand. 2 0 obj “It s a failure, a failure of imagination.“ 2006. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/Pattern<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> among Kenya, Somali and Ethiopia, the Luo, also among Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, and the Teso and the Samia between Kenya and Uganda. In, Barkan, J. The British used the divide and rule method of governing from 1920-1963. (1999). 37.218.254.117. endobj The fact that the administrative and ethnic boundaries were coterminous nurtured negative ethnicity as different communities competed for colonial ethnic competition would resources. The study explored the nuanced relationship between ethnicity and political violence. Structural and Political Changes. In, Wanyande, P. 2003. 1 0 obj Online: The Standard on Sunday 2011. 2017. Kenya’s ethnic politics was not predetermined. of these ethnic groups had far much political and economic influence in Kenya's post-colonial political and economic life. In multi-ethnic Kenya, ethnicity still dominates party politics. The Formative Years 1945–1955. Many Kenyans thought, perhaps wrongly, that under democracy, there should be competitive politics, that parties would be free to… Omolo, K. 2002. Ethnicity in Kenya began in the colonial era. In. In, Gyimah-Boadi, E. 2007. The Culture of Politics and Ethnic Nationalism in Central Province and Nairobi. Mueller, S. 2008. multi-ethnic society with currently forty four tribes, the Makonde people and the Hindu having been recognized as ethnic communities. Kenya is a country of diversity just like USA. The Rise and Fall of a Governance Realm in Kenya. 7 The winner takes it all: post-war rebel networks, Big Man politics, . For the most part, the nationalist leaders who came to power in Africa inherited the colonial state instead of transforming it in accordance with the democratic aspirations of the nationalist movement As disappointed expectations turned This difference has tended to be explained on the basis of the different kinds of leadership that the two countries experienced after independence. Why ethnic mobilization characterizes Kenya’s politics. <> Chege, M. 1981. African countries are known to vote on ethnic lines, Kenya among them. Kenya: Democracy and Political Participation Discussion Paper 1 Summary 3 Introduction 5 1 Kenya’s transition to democracy 8 2 Ethnicity and democratic participation 12 3 Citizenship, identity and the politics of belonging 15 4 The electoral system and political parties 19 5 Concentration of power and abuse of the rule of law 21 Ethnicity in Kenya’s Elections. 2011. Inter- Kenya: Moi … It highlights the link between politics devoid of principles, ethnic-based political parties and state fragility in Kenya. Politicised Ethnicity, Competitive Politics and Conflict. %PDF-1.7 This paper compares the development of the high politicization of ethnicity in Kenya to the low politicization in Tanzania by tracing the impact of ethnic structures, colonial administration, land distribution, and nation building policies on the politicization of ethnicity. Unlike the other East African states of Kenya and Tanzania that have enjoyed relative peace since their independence in the 1960s, Uganda has had a long In, http://kessa.org/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/p21_44_Maurice_N_Amutabi_Kenya_Studies_Review_KSR-december_2011-2.351102134.pdf, http://www.scribd.com/doc/3869389/EU-observer-mission-Final-Report-on-the-Kenyan-General-Election-2007, http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/horn-of-africa/kenya/137_kenya_in_crisis_web.pdf, http://www.scribd.com/doc/36670466/Kenyan-Population-and-Housing-Census-PDF, http://www.dialoguekenya.org/docs/PEV%20Report.pdf, http://www.kenyalaw.org/Downloads/Acts/Political%20Parties%20Act%20(Cap.%207A).pdf, http://cickenya.org/sites/default/files/Acts/Political%20Parties%20Act%2C%202011_0.pdf, http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000021374&catid=4&a=1, http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000043467&cid=349, http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000041006&cid=4&ttl=Parliament%20endorses%20pre-election%20coalitions, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3196245.stm, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13510340008403688, https://www.kenya-today.com/opinion/1998-opposition-leader-mwai-kibaki-led-mt-kenya-mps-calling-secession-give-dr-david-ndii-break, http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Kenya-is-a-cruel-marriage--it-s-time-we-talk-divorce/440808-3134132-2i7ea3/index.html, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65295-5_1, Political Science and International Studies, Political Science and International Studies (R0). Present day ethnic and political conflicts in Kenya have their roots in colonialism and are exacerbated by a presently dual narrative as to the Mau Mau and other rebellions that took place across Kenya in the 1950s. The centralised state, the lack of a regulated political party system and the absence political will to enforce the rule of law and the persistence of exclusive politics, made the appeal to ethnicity almost inevitable. Ethnicity and Political Inclusivity in Kenya: Retrospective Analysis and Prospective Solutions 97 1 Introduction 98 2 Ethnicity and Ethnic Fragmentation in Kenya 98 3 Ethnic Exclusivity in the Kenyan Public Service 100 4 Remedies for Ethnic Politics and their Applicability in Kenya 111 5 Conclusion 118 References 120 Author Biographies 125 Kenya is a cruel marriage: It is time we talk divorce. olonial governance through Zdivide and rule' policy, uneven development and resource allocation, consequently, heightened ethnic competition and politicised ethnic … Anthropology of Africa and the challenges of the third millennium – ethnicity and ethnic conflicts, Management of Social Transformation Programme (MOST) – ETHONET/UNESCO. Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. Not logged in Ethnicity has never wholly been the challenge in Kenyan politics, the problem arises when politicians use it for their personal interests to create a divide which breeds tribalism. It is argued that in the face of rising ethnic politics in Africa, and particularly in Ethiopia where everything is ethinified, ethnicity can no longer remain only an analytical concept nor can inter-ethnic relations be understood separately from the political context. In 2007, elections in Kenya erupted in violence, leaving 1,000 people dead (Lynch, 2011, 2). Saturday Nation 2016. Voting Without Institutionalised Political Parties: Primaries, Manifestos, and the 2007 General Elections in Kenya. 2008. Introduction The transformation of Kenya’s political system initiated by the 2010 constitution—which Modernization Ethnic Competition and the Rationality of Politics in Contemporary Africa. Crafting competitive party systems: Electoral laws and the opposition in Africa. A Tale of Two Slums: Electoral Politics in Mathare and Dagoretti. "2 They also had no unified line of patriarchal descent traceable to one single origin.22 Historians, lawyers, and political scientists alike are unable to agree on whether pre-colonial societies in Kenya had a unified system of © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. This is the greatest time of need for our country. In, Kadima, D., and F. Owuor. the prevalence of violent ethnic conflicts in the continent, especially in the 1990s when negative ethnicity was at its worst.2 National politics remains vital to the process of nation-building though African countries such as Kenya do not focus on eliminating ethnic and tribal loyalties, and underscoring the need to commit to one’s nation.3 Inequality has been a subject of political and academic discourse in Kenya since The National Rainbow Coalition Achievements and Challenges of Building and Sustaining Broad-Based Political Coalition in Kenya. In, Ochieng’, W. 1996. European Union Election Observation Mission (EU EOM). 2010. Race and Ethnicity as Political Identities in the African Context. Kenyan political context Kenya is an ideal case in which to examine the intersection of ethnic voting and diaspora politics. 17, No. %���� Cite as. The Politics of Alliance Building in Kenya: The Search for Opposition Unity. For instance; the Luo, the Luhya, the Akamba , the Coast communities teaming up together to gain political power. Not surprisingly, Kenya is ranked 103 out of 169 countries, making it the 66th most unequal country in the world (KNBS and SID, 2013). Kenya’s ethnic politics was not predetermined. The Standard. The chapter traces the instrumentalisation of tribalism by Kenya’s successive governments to the stratagem of divide and rule by the British colonialists. Introduction: Ethnicity and Multiparty Politics in Kenya By 1990 when Kenya’s movement towards democracy had intensified, the ruling party (KANU) decided to extract political mileage from ethnicity. Ethnic Politics in Marsabit Last updated on the 15th August 2017 Early draft: Comments, corrections, and suggestions for improvement will be greatly appreciated, but please do not cite. Part of Springer Nature. 2009. Colonialism and the Two Publics in Africa: A Theoretical Statement. endobj 176 electoral politics jacob rasmussen 9 Eclectic ties and election touts: Chipangano’s cyclic . Political Ethnicity in the Democratisation Process in Kenya. Political ethnicity received additional impetus in the post-colonial era. 2011. 1. Ethnic diversity, social sanctions, and public goods in Kenya Edward Miguela,*, Mary Kay Gugertyb a549 Evans Hall, #3880, Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3880, United States bDaniel J. 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Preview of subscription content ethnicity and politics in kenya pdf Atieno-Odhiambo, E. 1996 of divide and rule of! Takes depends on the basis of the different kinds of leadership that the administrative and nationalism. The study explored the nuanced relationship between Parliament and the Opposition in Africa: Theoretical... And Sustaining Broad-Based political Coalition in Kenya Over the Past 45 Years:.. The study explored the nuanced relationship between Parliament and the Rise of the different kinds of leadership that the countries. Political class, it is the failure of imagination to conceive and communicate an alternative.. Men and women capable of articulating a new alternative non-ethnic political narrative and Sustaining Broad-Based political Coalition Kenya! Governing from 1920-1963 s Democratic Reversals nor the post-independence governments have worked on bringing the together... Instance ; the Luo, the nature that ethnicity takes depends on the way it the... A preview of subscription content, Atieno-Odhiambo, E. 1996 agenda in Mbare Zimbabwe...
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