ethnic conflict in kenya 2020
There is no viable development without peace, and there is no sustainable peace without development. Ethnic Conflicts and Transition to Democracy in Africa: Recurrence of Ethnic Conflicts in Kenya (1991-2008) Author: Berita Musau Matrikelnummer: 0601567 Academic degree aspired Master (M.A) Vienna, August, 2008 Studienkennzahl: A 067 805 Studienrichtung: Global Studies - a European Perspective Advisor: Prof. Dr. Walter Schicho The Middle East, Eastern Europe, and even Africa witnessed some of the most devastating acts of ethnic conflict to date. Since late 2011, Kenya has seen an upsurge in violent terrorist attacks. Ethiopia’s deadly conflict is spilling beyond the country's northern Tigray region and turning identity into a mortal threat. [12] However, general harassment of the Somali community by Kenyan policemen continued, with some officers going as far as invading the homes of Somali businesspeople to steal precious jewellery, foreign currencies, and electronic devices, including expensive phones, laptops and other personal accessories. The system is served by monitors … Ethnic Conflicts: this can be divided into cultural, ethnic, or religious communities and identities. Just days after allegedly fraudulent election results had been released in late December more than 250 people were already dead, many killed by mobs armed with machetes and knives. In late October 2020, dozens were reportedly killed in clashes in the area. The gunmen took over 700 students hostage, freeing Muslims and killing those who identified as Christians. The Mt. Somalis in Kenya are citizens and residents of Kenya who are of Somali ethnic descent. Generally, conflicts are of a dual nature. In South Sudan, there are 64 tribes, among these tribes is Dinkas which is the largest of all. The group drew its members from the Sabaot people, who are a sub-tribe of the Kalenjin, an ethnic group which forms less than 11% of the Kenyan population, but a much larger percentage in the Rift Valley Province and eastern Uganda. The conflict dynamics and ethnic and religious tensions were often rooted in a combination of state weakness, corruption, ineffective delivery of basic services, competition over natural resources, inequality and a sense of marginal-ization. There have been numerous other lesser attacks. Yusuf Hassan Abdi is a Kenyan politician, diplomat, social activist and former journalist. In Ethiopia, a young yet ancient nation of many peoples, the evolution of a new identity is bringing national unity and ethnic autonomy into conflict. They have both constructive and destructive effects. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 1990, 115: 73–90. Political extremism and nationalism . There is a high rate of crime in all regions of Kenya, particularly in Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, and coastal beach resorts. Shashemene is where our orphanage is located, so NLE is understandably concerned for the safety of our staff and children. [5]. In 2012, clashes over cattle between the ethnic groups in Samburu District resulted in the deaths of over 40 people including police officers sent to quell the violence. [9] Somalis defended their property, and interpreted the bus explosion as a pretext for non-Somalis to steal from their community. [6], In 2012–2013, there was ethnic violence among the Orma and Pokomo group in the Tana River District who have historically fought over grazing, farmland and water. In August 2012, a series of ethnic clashes between the Orma and Pokomo peoples of Kenya's Tana River District resulted in the deaths of at least fifty-two people. Lastly, Egypt’s opposition to Ethiopia’s building of a hydropower dam on the Nile has threatened conflict for many years. Kenya has been the scene of various attacks attributed to terrorist elements. A UN report in January 2020 said the humanitarian situation in the Siti zone on the Somali side was “dire”, and access for aid to get in was very restricted under the oversight of a heavy military presence. It encompasses colonial wars, wars of independence, secessionist and separatist conflicts, major episodes of national violence (riots, massacres, etc. Some of the most notable ethnic clashes included conflicts … Jommo Kenyatta of Kenya forged a delicate alliance of ethnic groups behind the dominance of his Kenyan African National Union party. Mungiki is a banned ethnic organisation in Kenya. We focus on contexts around the world that, like Kenya, are ethnically diverse and have experienced violent conflict on so-called ethnic lines. Kenya’s modern history has been marked not only by liberation struggles but also by ethnic conflicts, semi-despotic regimes, marginalization and political violence, including the coup d'état of 1982, the Shifta War, and the 2007 Post-election violence. Its capital and largest urban area is Garissa. “The ethnic profiling demonstrates that despite the government’s stated intention to target only the TPLF leadership, this conflict is also having a much broader negative impact on Tigrayans outside of Tigray,” said William Davison, an analyst at the International Crisis Group. A significant increase in the severity of such conflicts between the various ethnic groups inhabiting the country was witnessed after the introduction of multi-party politics in the early 1990s, especially during the 2007–08 Kenyan crisis. Garissa County is an administrative County in the former North Eastern Province of Kenya. After working many years with the United Nations, he joined the Kenya parliament as a legislator in 2011. The violence was the worst of its kind in Kenya since the country's 2007–08 crisis, which left 118 people dead and more than 13,500 displaced - over 50% of the 13,500 were children, women and the elderly. 1 This study was researched and written by Dr Japhet Biegon, Dr Joshua Kivuva, Dr Patrick Asingo, and Winluck Wahiu, independent researchers. The religion, which apparently originated in the late 1980s, is secretive and bears some similarity to mystery religions. Ethnic tensions are an enduring phenomenon in Kenyan national life. NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) — More than 100 people have been killed in the latest massacre along ethnic lines in western Ethiopia, the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission said Wednesday, and the toll is expected to rise. Institute and Faculty of Actuaries – UK to promote the Certified Actuarial Analyst Qualification (CAA) in Ghana The Mt. In its history, it has experienced numerous episodes of political violence. In Kenya, politics split on ethnic divide. The Sabaot are one of the nine sub-tribes of the Kalenjin of Kenya. c 3.3 million BC - Evidence of some of the earliest human tools have been found in Kenya, suggesting that it was the cradle of humanity from which descendents moved out to populate the world. The second largest tribe is the Nuers tribe. Kenya Times April 23, 2020. [4]. While Kenya’s single-party rule contained a relatively exclusive approach, based on a narrow support-base and active suppression of those excluded from power, Zambia’s single-party rule was more inclusive, based on a broader ethnic support base and with deliberate efforts to counter ethnic divisions. The SLDF was funded by unofficial "taxation" of the local residents, and has implemented a parallel administration system. Ethnic conflicts in Kenya occur frequently, although most are minor skirmishes. Buildings, shops, houses were smashed, burnt.” (excerpt from “Ethiopian Observer” July 6, 2020). The Rift Valley and the Indian Ocean coast are the epicentres of land-related conflicts between the Kikuyu and indigenous communities. A significant increase in the severity of such conflicts between the various ethnic groups inhabiting the country was witnessed after the introduction of multi-party politics in the early 1990s, especially during the 2007–08 Kenyan crisis. Five men were later arrested in connection with the attack, and a bounty was placed for the arrest of a suspected organizer. ethnic conflicts, especially during elections. Each of the ethnic conflicts that erupted throughout the last 30 years were the result of multiple factors. over decades of ethnic favouritism by the political elite had transformed Kenya from a perceived paragon of stability in East Africa into a killing zone. Ethnic conflicts in Kenya occur frequently, although most are minor skirmishes. Some conflicts associated with Kenya’s political history have occurred at different times (1982-2008), whilst the occurrence of conflict in the rest of the Rift Valley escalates during periods of electioneering. As of 31 August 2016, Garissa County had more than 260,000 Somali refugees in refugee camps at Dadaab, which is located in Garissa County. He is a former top Director of IRIN. æf]Š>÷™Ë> gdô(aïz«•5暈”£‘B;˜×4~qiV‡E��H12`€Ï›ùÎï³Ô~¶@µ±>ƒ şi(ÿ@€ ½İG Grievances over land and privilege date back decades. Successive Kenyan administrations have pitted the majority Kikuyu ethnic group, favored economically and politically by both the colonial powers and by Kenya’s first president Jomo Kenyatta, against smaller ethnic groups, including Luhya, Luo, Kalenjin, Kamba, Kisii and others. The most dominant tribes being the Agikuyu, Kalenjin, Abagusii, Akamba, Abaluhya and the Luos. Conflict Assessment Report Danida eace, ecurity and tability rogrammeKenya 2122 2 Centre for Human Rights and Policy Studies Acknowledgements This report … Current Conflicts In Africa 2020 And Where They Occur. Unusual for groups in the area, they wore jungle camouflage uniforms and had access to ammunition – although AK47s and other guns are easily accessible from bordering nations such as Somalia, costing around $130 while ammunition is more difficult to acquire. Racial, ethnic, and religious conflict. Several factors have been identified as the source of outbreaks of communal violence among populations living in close proximity to each other. The explosion was believed to have been an improvised explosive device or bomb of some sort. In 2013, the militant group Al-Shabaab killed 67 people at Nairobi's Westgate Shopping Mall. The attack in Metekel zone of Benishangul-Gumuz region occurred a day after Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed visited the region and spoke about the need to end such massacres. 16 EFFECTS OF NEGATIVE ETHNICITY IN KENYA. The present situation in Arid and Semi-Arid Land counties across Kenya remains precarious due to another round of drought. In African states that have a multi-ethnic character, these intra-state conflicts have often pitted ethnic communities against each other.3 In the case of Kenya, the country is a multi-ethnic society that has experienced several episodes of political violence in … More than 66,000 people had been displaced in an 18-month period. Following elections in 2007, Ruto’s Kalenjin ethnic group started attacking Kikuyu businesses and travelers in their home region, the then-Rift Valley Province, angered by Kikuyu’s dominance in Kenya’s economy and perceived theft of the vote. In November 2012, a series of ethnic clashes between the Samburu and Turkana tribes of Kenya's Samburu County resulted in the deaths of at least 46 people including police officers sent to quell the violence. Conflicts … Eastleigh is a neighbourhood in Nairobi, Kenya. The siege ended the same day, when all four of the attackers were killed. provinces and ethnic groups in Kenya. NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) — Ethnic Amharas killed. "Snatch and run" crimes are becoming more common on city streets. Ten years after a disputed presidential poll brought Kenya to the brink of civil war, the August 2017 general election was won comfortably by President Uhuru Kenyatta. Kenya, as of 24 October 2020,1 has recorded 47,843 confirmed cases of COVID-19 with 884 deaths. Specifics of their origin and doctrines are unclear. Although reforms introduced in the 2010 constitution have helped avert large-scale fighting, sporadic outbreaks of violence followed claims by opposition leader Raila Odinga that results had been manipulated. Previously known as the Northern Frontier District (NFD), the North Eastern Province territory was carved out of the present-day southern Somalia during the colonial period. An entrepreneurial community, they established themselves in the business sector, particularly in the Nairobi suburb of Eastleigh. The conflict was primarily between the Kalenjin and Kikuyu communities with Land ownership cited as one of key reasons for the conflict. 2 Ethnicity and Ethnic Fragmentation in Kenya 98 3 Ethnic Exclusivity in the Kenyan Public Service 100 4 Remedies for Ethnic Politics and their Applicability in Kenya 111 5 Conclusion 118 References 120 Author Biographies 125. Ethnic violence in South Sudan (from 2011 to date) Ethnic violence in South Sudan has been before 2011, it has a long history among South Sudan’s varied ethnic groups. The month of ethnic bloodletting in Kenya has historic roots. Ethnic Conflict Threatens Democracy in Guyana The country’s simmering ethnic tensions threaten to undermine a fragile democratic system and bring on … Kenya Times May 3, 2020. 1992 - Approximately 2,000 people killed in tribal conflict in the west of the country. Our work has focused on healing ethnic divides, furthering constructive interaction between civil society and key government actors, and transforming violent extremism. However all the categorized factors inclusively lead to the conflicts between ethnic groups as explained above. [7], On 18 November 2012, 10 people were killed and 25 seriously injured when an explosive ripped apart a route 28 mass transit mini-bus (matatu) in Eastleigh. Ethnic conflicts in Kenya always take a violent or physical nature but also structural. Hundreds of Somali entrepreneurs withdrew between Sh10 to Sh40 billion from their Eastleigh bank accounts, with the intention of reinvesting most of that money back home in Somalia. Garissa is the capital of Garissa County, Kenya. • Al-Hijra: This Kenyan fundamentalist group became the means for al-Shabaab to take the war to Kenya (Nolasco, 2017). [14], By January 2013, a mass exodus of Somali residents was reported. The Media Council of Kenya reported that between May 2017 and April 2018, there were at least 94 incidents of abuses against journalists and bloggers in Kenya, the highest in a decade. Multi-party elections 1992 December - President Moi re-elected in multi-party elections. The 400 people crowding The effects of such conflicts are many. The Center for Preventive Action's (CPA) Global Conflict Tracker is an interactive guide to ongoing conflicts around the world of concern to the United States. It is up to the people and the leaders to make sure that it doesn't happen again. There are regular reports of attacks against tourists by groups of armed assailants. The collective departures most affected Eastleigh's real estate sector, as landlords struggled to find Kenyans able to afford the high rates of the apartments and shops vacated by the Somalis. He said: “Some had an agenda to divert it into an ethnic conflict and looting. [10], On 20 November 2012, Kenya Defence Forces swooped Garissa in a military operation. The militant group and Al-Qaeda offshoot, Al-Shabaab, which the gunmen claimed to be from, took responsibility for the attack. This is usually associated with ethnic clashes that occurs during, and after the electioneering period.Historical background of ethnic conflictEthnic conflict dates back during the Further, the new Constitution seeks to facilitate government accountability, by seeking to circum-scribe the exercise of power in the three branches of government in general, and the security agencies in particular. It is located east of the central business district. Besides Nigeria, communal conflicts remain a concern in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan and Uganda, among other countries. Kenya Community Support Centre (KECOSCE) is implementing the SADES-K project with the financial support from USAID. [12] [13], Maalim also suggested that the deployment of the soldiers was unconstitutional and had not received the requisite parliamentary approval, [12] and that the ensuing rampage cost Garissa entrepreneurs over Sh1.5 billion to Sh2billion in missed revenue. 1997 saw a spate of clashes in the Likoni division of Mombasa District. Dinkas constitute 35% of the total population of the with predominance government. The main bulas are Bula Taqwa, Mzuri, Garissa yarey, Bula punda, Bula sheikh and Bula cadan. Secure, Trusted Internet Critical to Advancing African Economy The Mt. Cover photo: Nairobi, Kenya: Messages of peace by artist Solomon Muyundo (also known as Solo 7) mark the walls throughout Kibera, Kenya’s largest slum. Limited rainfall means less pasture and water, and this scarcity of essential resources is becoming the main cause of conflict. Ethnic conflicts in Kenya Last updated June 28, 2020 Kenyan Orange Democratic Movementsupporters at a rally during the 2007–08 Kenyan crisis. endstream endobj 134 0 obj <>>> endobj 135 0 obj <. Kenya Times November 25, 2016. He is the former Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya, and has almost twenty-five years of experience on the Kenyan political scene. 4,150. people benefited from our education programme. The main cause was the fall in tourist activity (10% of GDP and 9% of employment) with international flights suspended until August. In 1998, the US embassy in Nairobi was bombed, as was the Israeli-owned Paradise hotel in 2002. [13] Additionally, Sheikhs with the CPK threatened to sue the military commanders for crimes against humanity committed during the operation. What is clear is that they favour a return to indigenous African traditions. 7 Jan 2020 Yangon, Myanmar ... David Brenner, who researches ethnic armed conflict in Myanmar, met AA commander-in-chief Tun Myat Naing in 2014 when the group was still operating in … They have historically inhabited the North Eastern Province, previously called the Northern Frontier District, which was carved out of the Jubaland region of present-day southern Somalia during the colonial period. We still include, however, parcels that were borrowed from relatives or others for free. The 1990s prove a difficult time. religious violence between Christian and Muslim communities). With nearly 862 different ethnic groups globally, conflict was inevitable on the global stage. New vehicles stuck in Mombasa due to COVID 19 shutdown. Herder-Farmer Conflicts: common disputes is about land and/or cattle between cattle rearer(in particular the Fulani or Hausa) and farmers (in particular the Tiv or Tarok). The North Eastern Province is one of the former provinces in Kenya. The Nakuru County Peace Accord refers to the peace agreement signed on 19 August 2012 between elders of the Agikuyu and Kalenjin communities as well as other ethnic groups of Kenya. Although reforms introduced in the 2010 constitution have helped avert large-scale fighting, sporadic outbreaks of violence followed claims by opposition leader Raila Odinga that results had been manipulated. There were at least 15 countries with active armed conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa in 2019: Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, the Central African Republic (CAR), Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan and Sudan. Federalist agendas and the push for greater autonomy in Ethiopia’s regional states are already shaping the country’s political landscape ahead of the 2020 election (Africa News, 2 January 2020), amplifying tensions between ethnic groups. 2 Ethnicity and Ethnic Fragmentation in Kenya 98 3 Ethnic Exclusivity in the Kenyan Public Service 100 4 Remedies for Ethnic Politics and their Applicability in Kenya 111 5 Conclusion 118 References 120 Author Biographies 125. The ethnic violence in Kenya in the 1990s may be a thing of the past, but it is very much a part of the present. In Kenya, politics split on ethnic divide. However, the most common crime in Kenya is carjacking so the criminal can commit an armed robbery. These include: [2]. Kenya Times November 27, 2017. In multi-ethnic societies, ethnicity is … Wycliffe Matakwei Kirui Komon was the deputy commander; he claimed to command 35,000 soldiers and scouts. The Foundation supports research that investigates the basic mechanisms in the production of violence, but primacy is given to proposals that make a compelling case for the relevance of potential findings for policies intended to reduce these ills. The county had a population of 841,353 at the 2019 Census, and a land area of about 44,753 km2 (17,279 sq mi). He is of Somali ethnicity. Kenya flounders economically, there are ominous outbreaks of ethnic conflict between Kalenjin and Kikuyu, and the nation's troubles are compounded by evidence of widespread corruption. In March 2017, 13 people were killed and four wounded in Baringo County during a series of cattle rustling. Problems have ranged from petty skirmishes between the two communities and have led to terrorist attacks, police harassment, extortion, home invasions, physical violence, and massacres perpetrated against the Somali-Kenyan community in mainly Kenya. 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