what was the cause of hurricane ophelia
Hurricane Ophelia was the most intense hurricane of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season. Embedded within a fast southwesterly flow, Ophelia raced to the north-northeast with a speed of 38 mph (61 km/h). On 17 October, the extratropical low turned to the east-northeast, and tracked over the North Sea. Temperatures warmer than normal allow the storm to gather excess energy from the sea and to convert this into stronger wind speeds. Sea surface temperature increases associated with global warming, on the other hand, is a gradual global-scale process occurring on a time scale of decades to centuries. Warm atmospheric air played its part too in creating a tropical storm. [10] A slight degradation of the structure of the storm resulted in some weakening early on 11 October,[11] but this was short-lived as deep convection wrapped around the entire storm. We accept no responsibility for any videos from third-party sources. Its track over the period 7th – 17th October can be seen here. We identify and recognise Ireland’s world class researchers. Located within a favorable environment, the storm steadily strengthened over the next two days, drifting north and then southeastwards before becoming a hurricane on 11 October. At 20:15 on the 15th, 'status red' was extended to all of Ireland,[33] and all public education services were confirmed as cancelled. Before Ophelia struck, recent hurricanes had already recorded 357 deaths and caused an estimated $186.8 billion in damages internationally. [47] Initially, it was estimated that Ophelia would cause €1.5 billion (US$1.8 billion) worth of losses in Ireland, mostly due to the shutdown of economic activities on the day of its passage. Local changes in sea surface temperature of this magnitude occur regularly on monthly time scales due to natural variability. Insurance claims from Northern Ireland, Wales, and Scotland are estimated to reach £5–10 million (US$6.6–13.3 million). Hurricane Ophelia formed in the region of the Azores some days before it reached Ireland. On 3 October, a broad low-pressure area had formed along a stationary front about 460 mi (740 km) west of the Azores. [8] In addition, the large temperature contrast between the unusually-warm ocean surface and the extremely cold temperatures in the upper atmosphere provided instability for Ophelia's thunderstorms, which allowed the storm to continue strengthening, despite marginally warm ocean temperatures. Hurricane Ophelia - development from category 1 to category 3 on Saffir Simpson scale . The cloud tops warmed due to moderate vertical wind shear,[17] but wind shear decreased shortly afterwards, allowed Ophelia to strengthen once again. The storm was hit with an upper trough of low pressure at it passed the mid-Atlantic, which caused the storm system to accelerate towards Ireland and the UK. [3][9] Late on 10 October, Ophelia began to move southeastwards as it embedded in a mid-to upper-level trough. A global map of sea surface temperature for the 16th of October (see here) shows a large pool of warm water with surface temperatures up to about 2°C above normal lying along Ophelia’s trajectory. Damage caused by Storm Ophelia in Cork Cumbria Police said it was dealing with "numerous incidents" related to the high winds, which reached up to 70mph in the area. [34], The Department of Education and Skills confirmed that all Montessoris, crèches, primary and post-primary schools would be closed on 16 and 17 October. The remnants of Hurricane Gert and Nate had already brought heavy rainfall and flooding to some parts of Ireland in August and October but little in the way of wind. Total losses from the storm were less than initially feared, with a minimum estimate of total insured losses across Ireland and the United Kingdom of US$87.7 million. This indicates that, insofar as the influence of the sea surface temperature is concerned, the exceptional strength of Storm Ophelia was due to natural variability. The system then moved across Scandinavia, before dissipating over Norway on the next day. Ophelia stands out because of its location and trajectory as the farthest east a storm of its strength has ever formed. The tenth and final consecutive hurricane and the sixth major hurricane of the very active 2017 Atlantic hurricane season, Ophelia had non-tropical origins from a decaying cold front on 6 October. On 6 October, a large wind field had formed associated with the low. 6. Hurricanes … The low only developed shallow, weak convection, along with a long, curved cloud band, and a cold-core center—typical characteristics of an extratropical low. On 14 October, it issued a 'Status Red' warning, its highest storm category,[30] for portions of Ireland. [46] Two men died in separate incidents after suffering fatal injuries while carrying out repairs to damage caused by Ophelia and Storm Brian. Hurricane Ophelia: Has my flight been cancelled or delayed? [51] The severe weather warning initially issued on 12 October was a yellow weather warning for wind, covering Northern Ireland, northern and western England, Wales, and southern and western Scotland, valid between 12:00 and 23:55 BST on 15 October. Hurricane Ophelia (known as Storm Ophelia in Ireland and the United Kingdom while extratropical) was regarded as the worst storm to affect Ireland in 50 years, and was also the easternmost Atlantic major hurricane[nb 1] on record. At the time of writing there had already been three deaths and countless reports of … [40], On 16 October, gusts of up to 191 km/h (119 mph) were recorded at Fastnet Rock off the coast of County Cork, the highest wind speeds ever recorded in Ireland. The wildfires have claimed the lives of at least 49 individuals, including 45 in Portugal and four in Spain, and dozens more were injured. The National Emergency Coordination Group (NECG) were reported in the Irish Examiner as saying, “Trees falling and taking down powerlines is the main cause of power outages and road… [3], The hurricane accelerated to the northeast, under the influence of the large mid-latitude trough. [33] On 15 October, the National Emergency Coordination Centre and Met Éireann convened to advise the public in relation to the post-tropical storm reaching Ireland. Ophelia's History . [42][43] Two people, a man in Dundalk and a woman in Aglish, County Waterford, were killed when trees fell on their cars. Nobody, including Michael Fish, … [44][45] In County Tipperary, another fatality occurred when a man was clearing a fallen tree with a chainsaw. In the fourth in this series of Climate Conversations, Dr Eamon Haughey discussed the challenges in the land system and the role land can play in climate mitigation and adaptation in Ireland. The seventeenth tropical cyclone, sixteenth tropical storm, fifth hurricane, and third major hurricane, Ophelia originated in a tropical wave in the central Atlantic, forming approximately midway between the Cape Verde Islands and the Lesser Antilleson September 17. After becoming a Category 2 hurricane and fluctuating in intensity for a day, Ophelia intensified into a major hurricane on 14 October south of the Azores, brushing the archipelago with high winds and heavy rainfall. [48] However, as of 24 October, insurance claims across the country just reached €50 million (US$59 million), much less than the initial estimation of damage. Three deaths can be directly attributed to Ophelia, all of which occurred in Ireland. The extratropical low then made landfall in southwestern Ireland, near Valentia Island, with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h), at 11:00 UTC. Storm Ophelia (also known as Storm Ophelia) was not the only tropical system to affect Ireland in the 2017-2018 windstorm season. Hurricane Ophelia (known as Storm Ophelia in Ireland and the United Kingdom while extratropical) was regarded as the worst storm to affect Ireland in 50 years, and was also the easternmost Atlantic major hurricane on record. Conditions were ideal for Ophelia to gather strength as it moved northward from the area of the Azores across warm seas towards Ireland in the days before the 16th of October. [56][57], Climate scientist Reindert Haarsma of the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute said that climate change is likely to cause Europe to see more hurricanes like Ophelia, as the oceans get warmer, although they were still comparing their model's results (previously reported in 2013) with those from other climate centres. This shows that, at that time, the area in question was covered by water cooler than normal, with anomalies of up to -2°C over much of the area. [23], Starting on 15 October 2017, winds from Ophelia fanned wildfires in both Portugal and Spain. This week Ex-Hurricane Ophelia directly struck Ireland causing widespread damage and chaos. [39] The Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government confirmed members of the public should not make any unnecessary journeys especially travelling within the red level warning areas and the department reiterated the storm's potential risk to life. Hurricane Ophelia, by then downgraded to Storm Ophelia, reached Ireland on Monday October 16. The trough was accompanied by strong directional and speed divergenc e on the east side of the system, which caused surface pressures to decrease over a large area. At the same time, Ophelia drifted several hundred miles southwest of the Azores due to the cut off from mid-latitude westerlies. [31][32] Issuing such a warning more than 48 hours in advance was "unprecedented," as such warnings are normally issued within 24 hours of the event. [3] Upon the upgrade, Ophelia becoming the record-tying tenth consecutive hurricane to form during the 2017 hurricane season; this was the fourth such occurrence after 1878, 1886, and 1893 seasons. Hurricane Ophelia was regarded as the worst storm to affect Ireland in 50 years, and was also the easternmost Atlantic major hurricane on record. Hurricane Ophelia could cause up to €1.5bn worth of damage to Ireland according to a leading disaster analyst. Red sun 'caused by Hurricane Ophelia' A yellow "be aware" warning was issued for many other parts of Wales until 23:55. image copyright Janet Baxter. [12] After developing a ragged eye,[13] the NHC upgraded Ophelia to a hurricane at 18:00 UTC about 760 mi (1,225 km) south of the Azores. In Cork, a man died after he fell while working on a shed roof, and in County Wicklow another man died after falling from a ladder while carrying out repairs to his farm shed. The Great Storm of 1987 violently tore through the UK, and exactly 30 years on, the remnants of Hurricane Ophelia are on the way. What is a major hurricane ? The storm downed trees and power lines along its path, causing hundreds of thousands of power … Ophelia caused the largest mass evacuation history. [41], ESB Group confirmed that more than 360,000 customers were without power in the wake of the storm. *The Royal Irish Academy thanks the authors of this blog post, both of whom are members of the RIA Climate Change and Environmental Sciences Committee. [2] The tenth and final consecutive hurricane and the sixth major hurricane of the very active 2017 Atlantic hurricane season, Ophelia had non-tropical origins from a decaying cold front on 6 October. By 2:00 am Wednesday, September 7, 2005, Tropical Depression 16 officially became Tropical Storm Ophelia with sustained winds of 40 mph and a central pressure of 1003 mb. [20] After losing all of its deep convection and becoming attached to a warm front and a cold front,[21] the storm became extratropical at 00:00 UTC on the next day, about 310 mi (500 km) southwest of Mizen Head. Ophelia’ s origin was non -tropical. With maximum sustained winds of 85 miles per hour (140 km/h), Ophelia’s center was located southwest of Ireland at 49.2N 13.3W as of 11 p.m. [22] Rainfall alerts were also issued for the central group—Terceira, Graciosa, São Jorge Island, Pico and Faial. This is only a tenth of the naturally occurring variation in sea surface temperature seen in the Azores-to-Ireland region in the 3 months prior to Storm Ophelia. Hurricane ophelia. [37] Aer Lingus confirmed a number of flights from Cork Airport and Shannon Airport would be cancelled, with the likelihood of 50 flights being cancelled. Was the exceptional strength of ex-hurricane Ophelia when it hit Ireland on the 16th of October 2017 due to global warming or was it a chance occurrence resulting from natural variability? The President of the Regional Service of Civil Protection of the Azores, Lieutnant-Colonel Carlos Neves, announced there was no serious damage. Hurricane Ophelia probably won’t make it to the island as a true hurricane; it is more likely to evolve into an extratropical cyclone as it passes over cooler North Atlantic water. What is an intense hurricane ? Afterwards, Ophelia's extratropical remnants tracked over Ireland and made its second landfall in Soay, Inner Hebrides with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), at 23:45 UTC. Tracking generally west-northwestward, Ophelia was upgraded to a tropical storm on September 21, and reached an initial peak of 65 mph (100 km/h) on September 22. A vigorous mid to upper level trough amplified over the central subtropical Atlantic Ocean during the period of 1–5 October. [54] Winds up to 115 km/h (71 mph) were observed in Orlock Head, County Down, at the height of the storm. PBS reported that many evacuees traveled to Orlando, and were later affected by the hurricane. The above video may be from a third-party source. [3] The system began to acquire subtropical characteristics on the next day, benefits from warm sea surface temperature of 81 °F (27 °C), thus the National Hurricane Center (NHC) noted for a high chance of tropical cyclogenesis. On 15 October, the weather warning for wind in Northern Ireland on 16 October was upgraded to an amber weather warning. 'Smoke smells' cause diversion HURRICANE OPHELIA’S tail end has hit the UK after forecasters warned of … Early on 17 October, the cyclone crossed the North Sea and struck western Norway, with wind gusts up to 70 kilometres per hour (43 mph) in Rogaland county, before weakening during the evening of 17 October. [38] All public transport previously scheduled within the red alert zone were cancelled including bus, rail and ferry journeys. [4] Although the system lost some of its organization due to dry mid-level air,[5] it managed to develop gale-force winds and a well-defined center. Hurricane Ophelia formed in the region of the Azores some days before it reached Ireland. The arrival of Ophelia brought Saharan dust to parts of the United Kingdom, giving the sky an orange or yellow-sepia appearance, and the sun a red or orange appearance. [3] Early on 15 October, increasing wind shear and cold waters of 68 °F (20 °C) caused Ophelia to gradually weaken. The southerly winds that have resulted in a rise in temperature have also brought dust from the Sahara Desert and smoke from the Iberian wildfires to UK latitudes. The island also experienced some minor flooding. The RIA Engineering and Computer Sciences committee hosted a conference entitled ‘Achieving Ireland’s Climate Action Ambitions’ online on 25 February 2021. Hurricane Ophelia was the most intense hurricane of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season.The seventeenth tropical cyclone, sixteenth tropical storm, fifth hurricane, and third major hurricane, Ophelia originated in a tropical wave in the central Atlantic, forming approximately midway between the Cape Verde Islands and the Lesser Antilles on September 17. [58] But UCD Professors Ray Bates and Ray McGrath argued that "insofar as the influence of the sea surface temperature is concerned, the exceptional strength of Storm Ophelia was due to natural variability" rather than global warming. "We looked at photos from satellites and the Finnish weather service confirmed that the smoke and soot of the fires in Portugal and partly the dust from the Sahara reached us," meteorologist Taimi Paljak said. [51] The weather warning impact matrix warned of relatively severe impacts anticipated, although with a low level of certainty so far in advance preventing the issuance of amber weather warnings initially. [18] Its eye became better defined, and the NHC upgraded Ophelia to a Category 3 hurricane at 12:00 UTC on 14 October; at 27.7°W, this was the farthest east that a storm of such intensity had been observed in the satellite era. The storm made its third and final landfall in Våge, Austevoll, with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h), at 17:30 UTC, before dissipating over Norway early on 18 October.[3]. The increase in the global-mean values in the period from the 1940s to the present, which is the period when the effect of greenhouse gases due to human activities has been most significant, amounts to about 0.4°C. Hurricane Ophelia was the fifteenth named tropical cyclone and the eighth hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.It was a long-lived storm that was most remembered for its very erratic and extremely slow track off the East Coast of the United States, alternating several times between tropical storm and hurricane intensity.. Hurricane Ophelia began off the coast of Florida in the northwestern Bahamas as Tropical Depression 16 on Tuesday, September 6, 2005. The remnants of Hurricane Ophelia hit Ireland hard Monday, leaving at least three people dead and impacting travel throughout the region.. By Wednesday October 11th, Ophelia was named, and the Natural Hurricane Center (NHC) in … The cause of this fascinating sight is the movement of Hurricane Ophelia . A3) What is a super-typhoon? The Associated Press reported that more than 4.8 million people evacuated from the Tampa Bay Area between October 10–12. But either way, strong winds and heavy rain are expected to blow into the southwest coast of Ireland and over parts of the United Kingdom on October 16, 2017. RIA author John Sweeney reflects on climate and society in modern Ireland in the latest issue of Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Its track over the period 7th – 17th October can be seen here. [35][36] Other public services would be withdrawn such as Court and District Court services, third-level institutes such as UCC, CIT, University of Limerick, and Waterford Institute of Technology. Membership is by election and considered the highest academic honour in Ireland. Located within a favorable environment, the storm steadily strengthened over the next two day… Completing an extratropical transition early on 16 October, Ophelia became the second storm of the 2017–18 European windstorm season. In addition to the dust, debris from Portugal and Spain’s forest fires have also contributed to the bizarre look of the sun and sky. Blog post content and statements are proprietary to the authors. [29] The National Hurricane Center's Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Ophelia makes no mention of the fires, thus the associated fatalities are not included as part of the storm total. This is regarded as an exceptional event, the worst storm in recorded Irish history. Opinion: Hurricane Ophelia was one of the big news stories of the year in Ireland, so can we expect more weather events like this in the future? The low meandered over the north Atlantic for days. The Academy is run by a Council of its members. As Hurricane Ophelia passed over the British Isles, may people saw the Red Sun through the clouds. Was the exceptional strength of ex-hurricane Ophelia when it hit Ireland on the 16th of October 2017 due to global warming or was it a chance occurrence resulting from natural variability? [49] Total damage across the country stood at €68.7 million (US$81.1 million).[50]. [6] Deep convection continued to develop near the center early on 9 October,[7] and the NHC classified the system as Tropical Storm Ophelia at 06:00 UTC, about 875 mi (1,410 km) west-southwest of the Azores. 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